Vehicle: Wheeled Simulation – Arma Reforger

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== Input (Controller) ==
 
=== SCR_CarControllerComponent ===
 
==== General ====
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Param
! Type
! Unit
! Description
|-
|
====== Type ======
|
|
| Type of gearbox
 
* '''Automatic''' - Automatic shifting and transition to reversing, W/S - throttle/brake or brake/throttle when reversing.
* '''Manual''' - Manual shifting, W - always throttle, S - always brake, Q/E to shift gears
|-
|
====== Transmission RND ======
| ''bool''
|
| Transmission have three settings: reverse, neutral and drive
|}
 
==== Steering speed coefficients ====
 
The following are properties for smoothing the digital or small range/insensitive analog input (gamepad thumbstick). The setup should be quick and responsive enough while allowing the player to keep a smooth ride (e.g. by tapping the keys), without having to constantly counter compensate.
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Param
! Type
! Unit
! Description
|-
|
====== Steering Forward Speed ======
| ''pairs of floats''
| <code style="display: block">[vehicle speed in km/h, steering speed in °/s]</code>
| Pairs of velocity and steering speed at the given velocity
|-
|
====== Steering Backward Speed ======
| ''pairs of floats''
| <code style="display: block">[vehicle speed in km/h, steering speed in °/s]</code>
| Pairs of velocity and counter-steering speed (recentering via input) at the given velocity
|-
|
====== Steering Center Speed ======
| ''pairs of floats''
| <code style="display: block">[vehicle speed in km/h, centering speed in °/s]</code>
| Pairs of velocity and recentering speed (when no steering input is given / caster effect) at the given velocity
|}
 
==== Throttle ====
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Param
! Type
! Unit
! Description
|-
|
====== Throttle Curve ======
| ''pairs of floats''
| <code style="display: block">[engine rpm, amount of throttle]</code>
| Throttle application with respect to engine's RPM
|-
|
====== Reverse Curve ======
| ''pairs of floats''
| <code style="display: block">[engine rpm, amount of throttle]</code>
| Throttle application with respect to engine's RPM while in reverse
|-
|
====== Throttle Reaction Time ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">s</code>
| Time (in seconds) it takes to get wanted value of throttle - e.g. to interpolate from 0.0 to 1.0 throttle input
|-
|
====== Throttle Turbo Time ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">s</code>
| Time (in seconds) to reach wanted value of throttle in turbo mode
|-
|
====== Throttle Turbo ======
| ''float''
|
| Amount of throttle that is reserved for turbo mode. For instance 0.2 means that without turbo, vehicle will be moving with maximum 0.8 throttle
|}
 
==== Brake ====
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Param
! Type
! Unit
! Description
|-
|
====== Braking Curve ======
| ''pairs of floats''
| <code style="display: block">[time in seconds, amount of braking force]</code>
| Brake application over time
|-
|
====== Brake Turbo Time ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">s</code>
| Time to reach wanted value of brake in turbo mode
|}
 
==== Engine ====
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Param
! Type
! Unit
! Description
|-
|
====== Max Startup Time ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">seconds</code>
| Failsafe time for the engine to start (it can also bypass animations if it is shorter)
|-
|
====== Max Startup Attempts ======
| ''float''
|
| How many times you can be "stuck" in the startup loop animation
|-
|
====== Engine Startup Chance ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">%</code>
| Probability that each startup attempt has to turn on the engine (0 - 100) (should be tied to engine below "damaged" threshold)
|-
|
====== Air Intakes ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">array of PointInfo classes</code>
| Air intake positions in local vehicle space
|-
|
====== Drowning Time ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">s</code>
| Amount of time needed to completely drown the engine when all air intakes are underwater
|-
|
====== Shutdown Time ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">s</code>
| Amount of time (some) vehicle systems automatically toggle off after the shutdown
|-
|
====== Max Lights Time ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">s</code>
| Maximum amount of time the light toggle should take (or if there are no animations)
|}
 
==== Clutch ====
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Param
! Type
! Unit
! Description
|-
|
====== Clutch Uncouple Time ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">seconds</code>
| Time to disengage clutch before switching gears
|-
|
====== Clutch Couple Time ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">seconds</code>
| Time to engage clutch after switching gears
|-
|
====== Clutch Uncouple Rpm ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">RPM</code>
| Engine RPM at which clutch is fully uncoupled while moving off
|-
|
====== Clutch Couple Rpm ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">RPM</code>
| Engine RPM at which clutch is fully coupled while moving off
|-
|
====== Clutch Uncouple Factor ======
| ''float''
|
| Clutch uncouple RPM factor while moving off uphill or downhill
|-
|
====== Clutch Couple Factor ======
| ''float''
|
| Clutch couple RPM factor while moving off uphill or downhill
|-
|
====== Clutch Minimum Position ======
| ''float''
|
| Minimum clutch position while moving off
|-
|
====== Clutch Minimum Factor ======
| ''float''
|
| Minimum clutch position factor while moving off uphill or downhill
|}
 
==== Shifting ====
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Param
! Type
! Unit
! Description
|-
|
====== Slope Smoothing ======
| ''float''
|
| Factor of filter that smooths out upshift and downshift RPMs
|-
|
====== Latency ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">seconds</code>
| Minimum time between gear switches
|-
|
====== Up Shift Factor ======
| ''float''
|
| Upshift RPM factor while going uphill or downhill
|-
|
====== Up Shift Rpm ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">RPM</code>
| Engine RPM required for upshifting
|-
|
====== Down Shift Factor ======
| ''float''
|
| Downshift RPM factor while going uphill or downhill
|-
|
====== Down Shift Rpm ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">RPM</code>
| Engine RPM required for downshifting
|-
|
====== Turbo Shift Factor ======
| ''float''
|
| Upshifting and downshifting RPM ratio in Turbo mode
|}
 
== Simulation ==
 
=== VehicleWheeledSimulation ===
 
==== General ====
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Param
! Type
! Unit
! Description
|-
|
====== Solver Type ======
|
|
| Solver selector - only V1 solver is available right now
|-
|
====== Solver Update Rate ======
|
| <code style="display: block">Hz</code>
| Solver update rate in Hz (number of ticks per second)
|}
 
==== Engine ====
Controls engine power and its other properties. All values must be greater than 0 to be accepted as valid.
 
The engine is simulated as rotating cylinder around its central axis (simplification of crankshaft).
{| class="wikitable"
! Param
! Type
! Unit
! Description
! References
|-
|
====== Inertia ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">kg.m<sup>2</sup></code>
| Moment of inertia
|[[File:armareforger-new-engine-inertia.png|500px]]
<nowiki>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258176892_Evaluation_of_variable_mass_moment_of_inertia_of_the_piston-crank_mechanism_of_an_internal_combustion_engine</nowiki>
|-
|
====== Max Power ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">kW</code>
| Maximum power that the engine can provide
| rowspan="9" |
*
* [[File:armareforger-vehicle-wheeled-engine-graph.png|500px]]
You can use [https://www.desmos.com/calculator/j63rwoyvnh '''this calculator'''] to visualize RPM curve
* <code style="display: block">maxTorqueRPM <= maxPowerRPM < maxRPM</code>
* Use <nowiki>https://www.automobile-catalog.com/</nowiki>, <nowiki>https://www.dieselhub.com/</nowiki> and similar sources to check for real torque/power curves of the engines
|-
|
====== Max Torque ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">Nm</code>
| Maximum torque that engine can provide (peak torque)
|-
|
====== Rpm Max Power ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">RPM</code>
| RPM where engine outputs maximum power
|-
|
====== Rpm MaxT orque ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">RPM</code>
| RPM where maximum torque is produced
|-
|
====== Rpm Idle ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">RPM</code>
| RPM when engine is idling, e.g. in neutral
|-
|
====== Rpm Redline ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">RPM</code>
| Redline RPM
 
'''This parameter is currently ignored'''
|-
|
====== Rpm Max ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">RPM</code>
| Maximum RPM
|-
|
====== Steepness ======
| ''float''
|
| Controls how fast engine can reach max torque. It can be used to flatten the torque curve before max torque rpm are reached
|-
|
====== Friction ======
| ''float''
|
| Engine's braking torque
|-
|
====== Output ======
|
|
| Powertrain part driven by the engine (clutch)
|
|}
 
==== Clutch ====
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Param
! Type
! Unit
! Description
|-
|
====== Max Clutch Torque ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">Nm</code>
| Maximum torque that clutch can provide. (1.6*MaxTorque can be a good starting point)
 
'''This parameter is currently ignored'''
|-
|
====== Output ======
|
|
| Powertrain part driven by the clutch (gearbox)
|}
 
==== Gearbox ====
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Param
! Type
! Unit
! Description
|-
|
====== Reverse ======
| ''float''
|
| Reverse gear ratio
|-
|
====== Forward ======
| ''array of floats''
|
| Array of forward gear ratios, order of the values are mapped to gears respectively
|-
|
====== Efficiency ======
| ''float''
|
| Transmission efficiency - scales the engine output passed down
|-
|
====== Output ======
|
|
| Powertrain part driven by the gearbox (differential)
|}
 
==== Differentials ====
{| class="wikitable"
! Param
! Type
! Unit
! Description
|-
| rowspan="2" |
====== Type ======
| '''Open'''
|
| Same torque on both outputs, different rotational speeds
|-
| '''LSD'''
|
| Limited slip differential - limiting rotational difference between outputs. Opens Anti slip and Anti slip torque parameters.
|-
|
====== Ratio ======
| ''float''
|
| Differential ratio (sometime "final drive")
|-
|
====== Strength ======
| ''float''
|
| Determines the magnitude of the extra force that is applied to the gripping wheel
|-
|
====== Output0 ======
|
|
| rowspan="2" |Powertrain parts driven by the differential (other differential or axle differential)
|-
|
====== Output1 ======
|
|
|}
 
==== Axles ====
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Param
! Type
! Unit
! Description
|-
|
====== Torque Share ======
| ''float''
|
| Defines how much torque is delivered to this axle. Sum of Torque Share for all axles should be equal to 1
|-
|
====== Has Handbrake ======
| ''bool''
|
| Determines whether this axle is used for handbrakes. Handbrake force is same as Brake Torque
|}
 
===== (Axle) Differential =====
{| class="wikitable"
! Param
! Type
! Unit
! Description
|-
| colspan="4" |<same as differentials>
|-
|
====== Output0 ======
|
|
| rowspan="2" |Driven wheels
|-
|
====== Output1 ======
|
|
|}
 
===== Suspension =====
Accelerating/braking/turning should noticeably shift the weight of the vehicle. Weight shifting affects the grip of the tires - allowing more grip on the side with more weight. Center of mass should be set realistically high and the tendency to roll should be limited by a sway (anti-roll) bar if necesary, not by setting the CoM below the vehicle or just the wheel center.
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Param
! Type
! Unit
! Description
|-
|
====== Max Steering Angle ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">degrees</code>
| Specifies the maximum steering angle of this axle, if negative value is given, the axis will steer in opposite direction of the steering wheel.
|-
|
====== Spring Rate ======
| ''float''
|
N/mm
| Spring force per mm.
|-
|
====== Compression Damper ======
| ''float''
|
Ns/m
| Compression damper force per 1m/s.
|-
|
====== Relaxation Damper ======
| ''float''
|
Ns/m
| Relaxation damper force per 1m/s.
|-
|
====== Max Travel Up ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">m</code>
| Maximum distance that the suspension can be compressed from modeled position. Standard cars 0.06 - 0.1 m. Off-road cars >0.1 m.
|-
|
====== Max Travel Down ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">m</code>
| Maximum distance that the suspension can be expanded from modeled position. Standard cars 0.07 - 0.12 m. Off-road cars >0.1 m.
|}
 
===== Wheel =====
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Param
! Type
! Unit
! Description
|-
|
====== Radius ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">m</code>
| Radius of the wheel
|-
|
====== Ratio ======
| ''float''
|
| Wheel reduction ratio
|-
|
====== Mass ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">kg</code>
| Mass of the wheel on this axle
|-
|
====== Brake Torque ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">Nm</code>
| Amount of brake torque applied to each wheel on this axle
|}
 
===== Tyre =====
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Param
! Type
! Unit
! Description
|-
|
====== Rolling Resistance ======
| ''float''
|
| '''Currently not used in game '''
 
Linearly proportional to speed. Acts against the wheel torque. For limiting acceleration. (in addition to surface property)
|-
|
====== Rolling Drag ======
| ''float''
|
| '''Currently not used in game '''
 
Proportional to speed squared. For limiting high speeds. (in addition to surface property)
|-
|
====== Roughness ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">m</code>
| Bumpiness height - how bumpy is the wheel itself (in addition to surface property)
|-
|
====== Longitudinal Friction ======
| ''float''
|
| Directly affects tyre grip in longitudinal direction
|-
|
====== Lateral Friction ======
| ''float''
|
| Directly affects tyre grip in lateral direction
|-
|
====== Tread ======
| ''float''
|
| Ratio of the "Thread" - related to how well wheel performs on specific surface.
|}
 
===== Swaybar =====
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Param
! Type
! Unit
! Description
|-
|
====== Stiffness ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">N</code>
| Sway bar stiffness ( anti-roll force )
|}
 
===== WheelPositions =====
 
==== Inertia ====
 
[[Image:armareforger-vehicle-wheeled-inertia.png|right]]
* '''InertiaOverrideEnable'''
** Enables manual override of vehicle inertia - the way how to "simulate" mass distribution on the vehicle.
* '''InertiaOverride'''
** Inertia values around each axis. Copy initial values from diag or via context menu opened on <code style="display: block">VehicleWheeledSimulation</code> on the Entity instance (you have to ''Apply to prefab'' later)
{{Clear}}
 
===== Aerodynamics =====
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Param
! Type
! Unit
! Description
|-
|
====== Reference Area ======
| ''float''
| <code style="display: block">m<sup>2</sup></code>
| Drag reference area - see following page for more details <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_drag_coefficient#Drag_area</nowiki>
|-
|
====== Drag coefficient ======
| ''float''
|
| Drag coefficient - see following page for more details <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_drag_coefficient#Typical_drag_coefficients</nowiki>
|}
 
==== Pacejka ====
[[Image:armareforger-vehicle-wheeled-pacejka.png|right]]
* <nowiki>https://www.edy.es/dev/docs/pacejka-94-parameters-explained-a-comprehensive-guide/</nowiki>
* <nowiki>http://www.racer.nl/pacejka/pacplay.htm</nowiki>
 
Fill in initial values via context menu opened on <code style="display: block">VehicleWheeledSimulation</code> on the Entity instance (you have to ''Apply to prefab'' later)
{{Clear}}
===== Longitudinal =====
 
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Param
! Role
! Units
! Typical range
! Sample
! Description
! Dependency
|-
====== b0 ======
| Shape factor
|
| <code style="display: block">1.4 .. 1.8</code>
| <code style="display: block">1.5</code>
| General shape of the curve. Defines the amount of falloff after the peak.
''The Pacejka model defines b0 = 1.65 for the longitudinal force.''
| ''Load-independent''
|-
|
====== b1 ======
| Load influence on longitudinal friction coefficient (*1000)
| <code style="display: block">1/kN</code>
| <code style="display: block">-80 .. +80</code>
| <code style="display: block">0</code>
| Change of the friction coefficient at the peak.
 
Positive = more friction with more load. Negative = less friction with more load.
| Load-dependent
|-
|
====== b2 ======
| Longitudinal friction coefficient (*1000)
|
| <code style="display: block">900 .. 1700</code>
| <code style="display: block">1100</code>
| Friction coefficient at the peak (vertical coordinate) *1000.
| ''Load-independent''
|-
|
====== b3 ======
| Curvature factor of stiffness/load
| <code style="display: block">N/%/kN^2</code>
| <code style="display: block">-20 .. +20</code>
| <code style="display: block">0</code>
| Change of the peak’s horizontal position.
 
Positive = increases ascent rate with load (moves to the left). Negative = decreases ascent rate with load (moves to the right).
| Load-dependent
|-
|
====== b4 ======
| Change of stiffness with slip
| <code style="display: block">N/%</code>
| <code style="display: block">100 .. 500</code>
| <code style="display: block">300</code>
| Peak’s horizontal position specified as “ascent rate”.
| ''Load-independent''
|-
|
====== b5 ======
| Change of progressivity of stiffness/load
| <code style="display: block">1/kN</code>
| <code style="display: block">-1 .. +1</code>
| <code style="display: block">0</code>
| Lineal change of the peak’s horizontal position. Similar to b3 but more lineal and with reverse effect positive-negative.
 
Positive = decreases ascent rate with load. Negative = increases ascent rate with load.
| Load-dependent
|-
|
====== b6 ======
| Curvature change with load^2
|
| <code style="display: block">-0.1 .. +0.1</code>
| <code style="display: block">0</code>
| Quadratic change of the curvature at the peak.
 
Positive = more flat with load. Negative = sharper with load.
| Load-dependent
|-
|
====== b7 ======
| Curvature change with load
|
| <code style="display: block">-1 .. +1</code>
| <code style="display: block">0</code>
| Change of the curvature at the peak. Same as b6 but more lineal.
 
Positive = more flat with load. Negative = sharper with load.
| Load-dependent
|-
|
====== b8 ======
| Curvature factor
|
| <code style="display: block">-20 .. +1</code>
| <code style="display: block">-2</code>
| Curvature at the peak. The more negative = more “sharp”. Has influence on the falloff afterwards.
| ''Load-independent''
|-
|
====== b9 ======
| Load influence on horizontal shift
| <code style="display: block">%/kN</code>
| <code style="display: block">-1 .. +1</code>
| <code style="display: block">0</code>
| Change of the horizontal shift.
 
Positive = shifts to the left with more load. Negative = shifts to the right with more load.
| Load-dependent
|-
|
====== b10 ======
| Horizontal shift
| <code style="display: block">%</code>
| <code style="display: block">-5 .. +5</code>
| <code style="display: block">0</code>
| Curve’s horizontal shift
| ''Load-independent''
|}
 
===== Lateral =====
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Param
! Role
! Units
! Typical range
! Sample
! Description
! Dependency
|-
====== a0 ======
| Shape factor
|
| <code style="display: block">1.2 .. 18</code>
| <code style="display: block">1.4</code>
| General shape of the curve. Defines the amount of falloff after the peak.
''The Pacejka model defines a0 = 1.3 for the lateral force.''
|
|-
|
====== a1 ======
| Load influence on lateral friction coefficient (*1000)
| <code style="display: block">1/kN</code>
| <code style="display: block">-80 .. +80</code>
| <code style="display: block">0</code>
| Change of the friction coefficient at the peak.
 
Positive = more friction with more load. Negative = less friction with more load.
| Load-dependent
|-
|
====== a2 ======
| Lateral friction coefficient (*1000)
|
| <code style="display: block">900 .. 1700</code>
| <code style="display: block">1100</code>
| Friction coefficient at the peak (vertical coordinate) *1000.
|
|-
|
====== a3* ======
| Change of stiffness with slip
| <code style="display: block">N/deg</code>
| <code style="display: block">500 .. 2000</code>
| <code style="display: block">1100</code>
| Peak’s horizontal position at the reference load, specified as “ascent rate”.
|
|-
|
====== a4* ======
| Change of progressivity of stiffness / load
| <code style="display: block">1/kN</code>
| <code style="display: block">0 .. 50</code>
| <code style="display: block">10</code>
| Change of the peak’s horizontal position with load. Smaller value = bigger change with load.
|
|-
|
====== a5 ======
| Camber influence on stiffness
| <code style="display: block">%/deg/100</code>
| <code style="display: block">-0.1 .. +0.1</code>
| <code style="display: block">0</code>
| Change of the peak’s horizontal position.
 
Positive = decreases ascent rate with camber (moves to the right).
 
Negative = increases ascent rate with load (moves to the left).
| Camber-dependent
|-
|
====== a6 ======
| Curvature change with load
|
| <code style="display: block">-2 .. +2</code>
| <code style="display: block">0</code>
| Change of the curvature at the peak.
 
Positive = more flat with load. Negative = sharper with load.
| Load-dependent
|-
|
====== a7 ======
| Curvature factor
|
| <code style="display: block">-20 .. +1</code>
| <code style="display: block">-2</code>
| Curvature at the peak. The more negative = more “sharp”. Has influence on the falloff afterwards
|
|-
|
====== a8 ======
| Load influence on horizontal shift
| <code style="display: block">deg/kN</code>
| <code style="display: block">-1 .. +1</code>
| <code style="display: block">0</code>
| Change of the horizontal shift.
 
Positive = shifts to the left with more load. Negative = shifts to the right with more load.
| Load-dependent
|-
|
====== a9 ======
| Horizontal shift at load = 0 and camber = 0
| <code style="display: block">deg</code>
| <code style="display: block">-1 .. +1</code>
| <code style="display: block">0</code>
| Curve’s horizontal shift
|
|-
|
====== a10 ======
| Camber influence on horizontal shift
| <code style="display: block">deg/deg</code>
| -0.1 .. +0.1
| 0
| Change of the horizontal shift.
 
Same sign as camber = shifts to the left. Opposite sign as camber = shifts to the right.
| Camber-dependent
|-
|
====== a11 ======
| Vertical shift
| <code style="display: block">N</code>
| -200 .. +200
| 0
| Curve’s vertical shift
|
|-
|
====== a12 ======
| Vertical shift at load = 0
| <code style="display: block">N</code>
| -10 .. +10
| 0
| Vertical shift when approaching zero load.
 
Must be verified for coherency at the configured minimum load.
| Load-dependent
|-
|
====== a13 ======
| Camber influence on vertical shift, load dependent
| <code style="display: block">N/deg/kN</code>
| -10 .. +10
| 0
| Change of the vertical shift according to camber and load.
 
Same sign as camber = shifts upwards. Opposite sign as camber = shifts downwards.
 
The more load the more camber effect.
| Camber-dependent
|-
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====== a14 ======
| Camber influence on vertical shift
| <code style="display: block">N/deg</code>
| -15 .. +15
| 0
| Change of the vertical shift.
 
Same sign as camber = shifts upwards. Opposite sign as camber = shifts downwards.
| Camber-dependent
|}
<sup>* Configure the horizontal behavior with load</sup>
 
===== Aligning =====
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Param
! Role
! Units
! Typical range
! Sample
! Description
! Dependency
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==== RaycastLayer ====
 
* LayerPreset in which the wheel raycast is performed (should be "Vehicle")
 
 
== RigidBody and Center of Mass ==
 
* All vehicles are set to curb weight (assuming dynamic weight could happen at some point in the future)
* Center of Mass plays a crucial role in vehicle handling - it should be high enough to allow for weight shifting and changes in the wheel grip due to the changing pressure.




{{GameCategory|armaR|Modding|Guidelines|Assets}}
{{GameCategory|armaR|Modding|Guidelines|Assets}}

Latest revision as of 11:52, 11 January 2023

Input (Controller)

SCR_CarControllerComponent

General

Param Type Unit Description
Type
 Type of gearbox
  • Automatic - Automatic shifting and transition to reversing, W/S - throttle/brake or brake/throttle when reversing.
  • Manual - Manual shifting, W - always throttle, S - always brake, Q/E to shift gears
Transmission RND
 bool Transmission have three settings: reverse, neutral and drive

Steering speed coefficients

The following are properties for smoothing the digital or small range/insensitive analog input (gamepad thumbstick). The setup should be quick and responsive enough while allowing the player to keep a smooth ride (e.g. by tapping the keys), without having to constantly counter compensate.

Param Type Unit Description
Steering Forward Speed
 pairs of floats [vehicle speed in km/h, steering speed in °/s] Pairs of velocity and steering speed at the given velocity
Steering Backward Speed
 pairs of floats [vehicle speed in km/h, steering speed in °/s] Pairs of velocity and counter-steering speed (recentering via input) at the given velocity
Steering Center Speed
 pairs of floats [vehicle speed in km/h, centering speed in °/s] Pairs of velocity and recentering speed (when no steering input is given / caster effect) at the given velocity

Throttle

Param Type Unit Description
Throttle Curve
 pairs of floats [engine rpm, amount of throttle] Throttle application with respect to engine's RPM
Reverse Curve
 pairs of floats [engine rpm, amount of throttle] Throttle application with respect to engine's RPM while in reverse
Throttle Reaction Time
 float s Time (in seconds) it takes to get wanted value of throttle - e.g. to interpolate from 0.0 to 1.0 throttle input
Throttle Turbo Time
 float s Time (in seconds) to reach wanted value of throttle in turbo mode
Throttle Turbo
 float Amount of throttle that is reserved for turbo mode. For instance 0.2 means that without turbo, vehicle will be moving with maximum 0.8 throttle

Brake

Param Type Unit Description
Braking Curve
 pairs of floats [time in seconds, amount of braking force] Brake application over time
Brake Turbo Time
 float s Time to reach wanted value of brake in turbo mode

Engine

Param Type Unit Description
Max Startup Time
 float seconds Failsafe time for the engine to start (it can also bypass animations if it is shorter)
Max Startup Attempts
 float How many times you can be "stuck" in the startup loop animation
Engine Startup Chance
 float % Probability that each startup attempt has to turn on the engine (0 - 100) (should be tied to engine below "damaged" threshold)
Air Intakes
 float array of PointInfo classes Air intake positions in local vehicle space
Drowning Time
 float s Amount of time needed to completely drown the engine when all air intakes are underwater
Shutdown Time
 float s Amount of time (some) vehicle systems automatically toggle off after the shutdown
Max Lights Time
 float s Maximum amount of time the light toggle should take (or if there are no animations)

Clutch

Param Type Unit Description
Clutch Uncouple Time
 float seconds Time to disengage clutch before switching gears
Clutch Couple Time
 float seconds Time to engage clutch after switching gears
Clutch Uncouple Rpm
 float RPM Engine RPM at which clutch is fully uncoupled while moving off
Clutch Couple Rpm
 float RPM Engine RPM at which clutch is fully coupled while moving off
Clutch Uncouple Factor
 float Clutch uncouple RPM factor while moving off uphill or downhill
Clutch Couple Factor
 float Clutch couple RPM factor while moving off uphill or downhill
Clutch Minimum Position
 float Minimum clutch position while moving off
Clutch Minimum Factor
 float Minimum clutch position factor while moving off uphill or downhill

Shifting

Param Type Unit Description
Slope Smoothing
 float Factor of filter that smooths out upshift and downshift RPMs
Latency
 float seconds Minimum time between gear switches
Up Shift Factor
 float Upshift RPM factor while going uphill or downhill
Up Shift Rpm
 float RPM Engine RPM required for upshifting
Down Shift Factor
 float Downshift RPM factor while going uphill or downhill
Down Shift Rpm
 float RPM Engine RPM required for downshifting
Turbo Shift Factor
 float Upshifting and downshifting RPM ratio in Turbo mode

Simulation

VehicleWheeledSimulation

General

Param Type Unit Description
Solver Type
 Solver selector - only V1 solver is available right now
Solver Update Rate
 Hz Solver update rate in Hz (number of ticks per second)

Engine

Controls engine power and its other properties. All values must be greater than 0 to be accepted as valid.

The engine is simulated as rotating cylinder around its central axis (simplification of crankshaft).

Param Type Unit Description References
Inertia
 float kg.m2 Moment of inertia armareforger-new-engine-inertia.png

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258176892_Evaluation_of_variable_mass_moment_of_inertia_of_the_piston-crank_mechanism_of_an_internal_combustion_engine

Max Power
 float kW Maximum power that the engine can provide
  • armareforger-vehicle-wheeled-engine-graph.png

You can use this calculator to visualize RPM curve

  • maxTorqueRPM <= maxPowerRPM < maxRPM
  • Use https://www.automobile-catalog.com/, https://www.dieselhub.com/ and similar sources to check for real torque/power curves of the engines
Max Torque
 float Nm Maximum torque that engine can provide (peak torque)
Rpm Max Power
 float RPM RPM where engine outputs maximum power
Rpm MaxT orque
 float RPM RPM where maximum torque is produced
Rpm Idle
 float RPM RPM when engine is idling, e.g. in neutral
Rpm Redline
 float RPM Redline RPM

This parameter is currently ignored

Rpm Max
 float RPM Maximum RPM
Steepness
 float Controls how fast engine can reach max torque. It can be used to flatten the torque curve before max torque rpm are reached
Friction
 float Engine's braking torque
Output
 Powertrain part driven by the engine (clutch)

Clutch

Param Type Unit Description
Max Clutch Torque
 float Nm Maximum torque that clutch can provide. (1.6*MaxTorque can be a good starting point)

This parameter is currently ignored

Output
 Powertrain part driven by the clutch (gearbox)

Gearbox

Param Type Unit Description
Reverse
 float Reverse gear ratio
Forward
 array of floats Array of forward gear ratios, order of the values are mapped to gears respectively
Efficiency
 float Transmission efficiency - scales the engine output passed down
Output
 Powertrain part driven by the gearbox (differential)

Differentials

Param Type Unit Description
Type
 Open Same torque on both outputs, different rotational speeds
LSD Limited slip differential - limiting rotational difference between outputs. Opens Anti slip and Anti slip torque parameters.
Ratio
 float Differential ratio (sometime "final drive")
Strength
 float Determines the magnitude of the extra force that is applied to the gripping wheel
Output0
 Powertrain parts driven by the differential (other differential or axle differential)
Output1

Axles

Param Type Unit Description
Torque Share
 float Defines how much torque is delivered to this axle. Sum of Torque Share for all axles should be equal to 1
Has Handbrake
 bool Determines whether this axle is used for handbrakes. Handbrake force is same as Brake Torque
(Axle) Differential
Param Type Unit Description
<same as differentials>
Output0
 Driven wheels
Output1
Suspension

Accelerating/braking/turning should noticeably shift the weight of the vehicle. Weight shifting affects the grip of the tires - allowing more grip on the side with more weight. Center of mass should be set realistically high and the tendency to roll should be limited by a sway (anti-roll) bar if necesary, not by setting the CoM below the vehicle or just the wheel center.

Param Type Unit Description
Max Steering Angle
 float degrees Specifies the maximum steering angle of this axle, if negative value is given, the axis will steer in opposite direction of the steering wheel.
Spring Rate
 float 
N/mm
Spring force per mm.
Compression Damper
 float 
Ns/m
Compression damper force per 1m/s.
Relaxation Damper
 float 
Ns/m
Relaxation damper force per 1m/s.
Max Travel Up
 float m Maximum distance that the suspension can be compressed from modeled position. Standard cars 0.06 - 0.1 m. Off-road cars >0.1 m.
Max Travel Down
 float m Maximum distance that the suspension can be expanded from modeled position. Standard cars 0.07 - 0.12 m. Off-road cars >0.1 m.
Wheel
Param Type Unit Description
Radius
 float m Radius of the wheel
Ratio
 float Wheel reduction ratio
Mass
 float kg Mass of the wheel on this axle
Brake Torque
 float Nm Amount of brake torque applied to each wheel on this axle
Tyre
Param Type Unit Description
Rolling Resistance
 float Currently not used in game

Linearly proportional to speed. Acts against the wheel torque. For limiting acceleration. (in addition to surface property)

Rolling Drag
 float Currently not used in game

Proportional to speed squared. For limiting high speeds. (in addition to surface property)

Roughness
 float m Bumpiness height - how bumpy is the wheel itself (in addition to surface property)
Longitudinal Friction
 float Directly affects tyre grip in longitudinal direction
Lateral Friction
 float Directly affects tyre grip in lateral direction
Tread
 float Ratio of the "Thread" - related to how well wheel performs on specific surface.
Swaybar
Param Type Unit Description
Stiffness
 float N Sway bar stiffness ( anti-roll force )
WheelPositions

Inertia

armareforger-vehicle-wheeled-inertia.png
  • InertiaOverrideEnable
    • Enables manual override of vehicle inertia - the way how to "simulate" mass distribution on the vehicle.
  • InertiaOverride
    • Inertia values around each axis. Copy initial values from diag or via context menu opened on VehicleWheeledSimulation on the Entity instance (you have to Apply to prefab later)
Aerodynamics
Param Type Unit Description
Reference Area
 float m2 Drag reference area - see following page for more details https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_drag_coefficient#Drag_area
Drag coefficient
 float Drag coefficient - see following page for more details https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_drag_coefficient#Typical_drag_coefficients

Pacejka

armareforger-vehicle-wheeled-pacejka.png
  • https://www.edy.es/dev/docs/pacejka-94-parameters-explained-a-comprehensive-guide/
  • http://www.racer.nl/pacejka/pacplay.htm

Fill in initial values via context menu opened on VehicleWheeledSimulation on the Entity instance (you have to Apply to prefab later)

Longitudinal
b0
Param Role Units Typical range Sample Description Dependency
Shape factor 1.4 .. 1.8 1.5 General shape of the curve. Defines the amount of falloff after the peak.

The Pacejka model defines b0 = 1.65 for the longitudinal force.

Load-independent
b1
 Load influence on longitudinal friction coefficient (*1000) 1/kN -80 .. +80 0 Change of the friction coefficient at the peak.

Positive = more friction with more load. Negative = less friction with more load.

Load-dependent
b2
 Longitudinal friction coefficient (*1000) 900 .. 1700 1100 Friction coefficient at the peak (vertical coordinate) *1000. Load-independent
b3
 Curvature factor of stiffness/load N/%/kN^2 -20 .. +20 0 Change of the peak’s horizontal position.

Positive = increases ascent rate with load (moves to the left). Negative = decreases ascent rate with load (moves to the right).

Load-dependent
b4
 Change of stiffness with slip N/% 100 .. 500 300 Peak’s horizontal position specified as “ascent rate”. Load-independent
b5
 Change of progressivity of stiffness/load 1/kN -1 .. +1 0 Lineal change of the peak’s horizontal position. Similar to b3 but more lineal and with reverse effect positive-negative.

Positive = decreases ascent rate with load. Negative = increases ascent rate with load.

Load-dependent
b6
 Curvature change with load^2 -0.1 .. +0.1 0 Quadratic change of the curvature at the peak.

Positive = more flat with load. Negative = sharper with load.

Load-dependent
b7
 Curvature change with load -1 .. +1 0 Change of the curvature at the peak. Same as b6 but more lineal.

Positive = more flat with load. Negative = sharper with load.

Load-dependent
b8
 Curvature factor -20 .. +1 -2 Curvature at the peak. The more negative = more “sharp”. Has influence on the falloff afterwards. Load-independent
b9
 Load influence on horizontal shift %/kN -1 .. +1 0 Change of the horizontal shift.

Positive = shifts to the left with more load. Negative = shifts to the right with more load.

Load-dependent
b10
 Horizontal shift % -5 .. +5 0 Curve’s horizontal shift Load-independent
Lateral
a0
Param Role Units Typical range Sample Description Dependency
Shape factor 1.2 .. 18 1.4 General shape of the curve. Defines the amount of falloff after the peak.

The Pacejka model defines a0 = 1.3 for the lateral force.

a1
 Load influence on lateral friction coefficient (*1000) 1/kN -80 .. +80 0 Change of the friction coefficient at the peak.

Positive = more friction with more load. Negative = less friction with more load.

Load-dependent
a2
 Lateral friction coefficient (*1000) 900 .. 1700 1100 Friction coefficient at the peak (vertical coordinate) *1000.
a3*
 Change of stiffness with slip N/deg 500 .. 2000 1100 Peak’s horizontal position at the reference load, specified as “ascent rate”.
a4*
 Change of progressivity of stiffness / load 1/kN 0 .. 50 10 Change of the peak’s horizontal position with load. Smaller value = bigger change with load.
a5
 Camber influence on stiffness %/deg/100 -0.1 .. +0.1 0 Change of the peak’s horizontal position.

Positive = decreases ascent rate with camber (moves to the right).

Negative = increases ascent rate with load (moves to the left).

Camber-dependent
a6
 Curvature change with load -2 .. +2 0 Change of the curvature at the peak.

Positive = more flat with load. Negative = sharper with load.

Load-dependent
a7
 Curvature factor -20 .. +1 -2 Curvature at the peak. The more negative = more “sharp”. Has influence on the falloff afterwards
a8
 Load influence on horizontal shift deg/kN -1 .. +1 0 Change of the horizontal shift.

Positive = shifts to the left with more load. Negative = shifts to the right with more load.

Load-dependent
a9
 Horizontal shift at load = 0 and camber = 0 deg -1 .. +1 0 Curve’s horizontal shift
a10
 Camber influence on horizontal shift deg/deg -0.1 .. +0.1 0 Change of the horizontal shift.

Same sign as camber = shifts to the left. Opposite sign as camber = shifts to the right.

Camber-dependent
a11
 Vertical shift N -200 .. +200 0 Curve’s vertical shift
a12
 Vertical shift at load = 0 N -10 .. +10 0 Vertical shift when approaching zero load.

Must be verified for coherency at the configured minimum load.

Load-dependent
a13
 Camber influence on vertical shift, load dependent N/deg/kN -10 .. +10 0 Change of the vertical shift according to camber and load.

Same sign as camber = shifts upwards. Opposite sign as camber = shifts downwards.

The more load the more camber effect.

Camber-dependent
a14
 Camber influence on vertical shift N/deg -15 .. +15 0 Change of the vertical shift.

Same sign as camber = shifts upwards. Opposite sign as camber = shifts downwards.

Camber-dependent

* Configure the horizontal behavior with load

Aligning
Param Role Units Typical range Sample Description Dependency
c0
c1
c2
c3
c4
c5
c6
c7
c8
c9
c10
c11
c12
c13
c14
c15
c16
c17
c18

RaycastLayer

  • LayerPreset in which the wheel raycast is performed (should be "Vehicle")


RigidBody and Center of Mass

  • All vehicles are set to curb weight (assuming dynamic weight could happen at some point in the future)
  • Center of Mass plays a crucial role in vehicle handling - it should be high enough to allow for weight shifting and changes in the wheel grip due to the changing pressure.
Retrieved from "https://community.bistudio.com/wiki?title=Arma_Reforger:Vehicle:_Wheeled_Simulation&oldid=337159"